All of these may be wrong if clearance of drug in child is significantly different from adult e. What topics cover the Study of Biomedical Sciences? The term "biomedical" covers a vast range of subjects - everything that relates biology to medicine. This can range from the obvious like Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Genetics to the less obvious like Botany most drugs were originally derived from plants and, thus, these is a big science called Phytopharmacology.
Phenoxyethanol is harmful and can be absorbed through the skin - official sites for toxicity data, however, show little toxicity in man and some toxicity irritation with high doses in animals. Phenoxyethanol is in cosmetics as a bactericide kills bacteria. Blockage of attachment by secretory IgA antibodies. What is the host defense mechanism shown if the infection is through proliferation?
Phagocytosis compliment mediated lysis localized inflammatory response. What is the host defense mechanism shown if the infection is through invasion of host tissues? Antibody mediated agglutination. What is the host defense mechanism shown if the infection is through toxin-induced damage of host cells? Neutralization of toxin by antibodies. What is an exon? The region of a gene that contains coding sequences for a polypeptide is called Exon.
What is an intron? The nucleotide sequence present between exons of a gene. They can be removed by the process of splicing. What is immunolabeling? Labeling molecules by the use of antibodies bound to another molecule that serves as labels for an antigen antibody complex. What is immunoblotting? This is a technique to determine the presence of an antigen by the reaction of labeled antibodies to the antigen.
This is done after separating the antigens according to the size or charge by gel electrophoresis. What is i-gene? A bacterial gene codes for lac-operon repressor protein. What is an iso antigen? It is produced only by some members of a species but not the others. These are capable of eliciting immune response in the individuals that lack the antigen. Give an example for alloantigen. Blood group antigens are alloantigens. Describe major events in the inflammatory response. The following are the major events in the inflammatory response: The diameter of the capillaries increases in the affected region and their permeability, which facilitates influx of white blood cells.
What does the following sentence means? It means that they can recognize the antigen, which is, associated with class I MHC molecules. Name the assay method for compliment component C3 on glomerular basement membrane.
Name the assay method for horsemeat combination of hamburger Agglutination. How B cell hybridomass are formed? They are formed by the fusion of antigen primed B cells with cancerous plasma cells. Moreover, it is used to assay tumor necrosis factor. What is the significance of cell line COS-1? It is used in DNA transfection. Give brief description of jurkat cell line It is human T-cell leukemia, which secretes IL Give the significance of P It is used as a target to access killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Give the significance of YAC It is used as target for natural killer cells. Give the significance of CTLL It is used to assay IL-2 production. It is non-secreting mouse myeloma and used as a fusion partner for hybridoma secretion.
What is the target antigen for T cell leukemia? The antigen for T cell is CD5. What is the target antigen for B cell lymphoma? Antigen for B cell is CD What is the target antigen for anti idiotype tumor antigen? What are exogenous antigens? Antigens, which are produced outside the host cell, are called exogenous antigens. What is the target antigen for acute myeloblastic leukemia?
CD45 is for acute myloblastic leukemia. What is the target antigen for breast and ovarian tumors? Cell surface EGF binding protein. What is the target antigen for neuroectodermal tumors?
Glycolipids associated with neural tissues. It is nothing but grafting self-tissue from one body site to another in the same individual. What is isograft? It is nothing but grafting between genetically identical individuals. What is allograft? It is nothing but grafting between genetically different individuals of the same species. What is xenograft? It is nothing but grafting between different species. Renal and lung basement membranes.
What is the self-antigen for perinicious anemia? Gastric perietal cells. Thyroid stimulating receptor. What is the self-antigen for rheumatoid arthritis?
Connective tissue, IgG. What is the self-antigen for scleroderma? Heart, lungs, kidney, nuclei, gastro intestinal tract.
What is the self-antigen for myocardial infarction? The self-antigen is Heart. What is the self-antigen for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus? Pancreatic beta cells. What is the self-antigen for autoimmune haemolytic anemia? RBC membrane proteins. What is a monoclonal antibody? It is an antibody produced from a single antibody-producing cell.
How monoclonal antibodies are produced? Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma clones. What are polyclonal antibodies? Antibodies of different specificities, which react to the same antigen, are called polyclonal antibodies. How are the polyclonal antibodies produced?
They are produced by different plasma cell clones. What is the natural toxin found in the endosperm of castor? The toxin found is Ricin. What is immunopurification?
Purifying antigens present in small quantities as a mixture by interacting an antibody to an antigen. How Interferon? It is produced by stimulated T lymphocyte. What is interferon induced antiviral state? Interferon reacting with interferon receptors of a cell, after which the cell enters in a state called interferon, induced antiviral state. What are endogenous antigens? Antigens, which are produced within the host cell, are called endogenous antigens.
What is clonal selection? Proliferation of B cells in response to interaction with an antigen is called clonal selection. What are altered self-cells? The cytotoxic T lymphocytes which kill foreign antigens complexes with MHC I molecules are called altered self-cells. What are immunoglobulin folds? Immunoglobulin domains are folded into compact structures, which are called as immunoglobulin folds. What is exotoxin? Toxin produced by a microorganism, which is released into surrounding fluid, is called exotoxin.
What is the function CD4 antigen? What is a thymocyte? It is a developing T cell, which is present in the thymus. What is secreted immunoglobulin? It is a form of antibody, which is secreted by cells of B lineage. What is an alveolar macrophage? Macrophage, which is found in alveolus of the lung, is alveolar macrophage. What is clonal energy? It is a state, in which the antigen cannot activate the cells.
Your email address will not be published. Living Modified Organism means any living organism which contains genetical material in it by using modern bio technology.
It could be sterile, injections or virus. Usually in Bio-Technology interviews, applicants will be asked to handle a seminar about their main scientific subject. In this scenario, applicant should check before with the HR as to who will be the audience and what the exact skill sets are they are looking for to fill this position.
This will help the applicant do a research on it before hand and can get fully prepared for a seminar. The applicant should make sure that the presentation is well prepared, executed and tailored to audience.
Make sure, you give them good introduction about your subject but talk in brief and do not go in detail. Talk more about their company and business press.
Low agarose concentrations are used to separate larger DNA fragments and high agarose concentrations are used to resolve smaller DNA fragments. Ultra-pure agarose usage is largely used since impurities in the agarose such as polysaccharides, salts and proteins can affect the migration of DNA. The quality of agarose is most important when running high percentage agarose gels.
Several different buffers are recommended for electrophoresis of DNA. DNA fragments will migrate at different rates in these two buffers due to differences in the ionic strength. Buffers not only establish pH, but also provide ions to support conductivity. TAE has lower buffering capacity than TBE and is more easily exhausted during extended electrophoresis. TBE should be used for pulse-field electrophoresis due to high voltages used in this procedure. Gel Preparation :.
Prepare 1X electrophoresis buffer for both gel and electrophoresis. Heat in a microwave or boiling water bath, rotate the flask occasionally, until the agarose is dissolved. If the volume reduces during heat due to evaporation, makeup the original volume with distilled water.
This will ensure that the agarose concentration is maintained. Ensure that there is enough space between the bottom of the comb and the gel tray, about 0. Pour the agarose solution on to the gel tray Seal the open edges of the tray provided with the apparatus with the help of cellophane tape before pouring the agarose.
Carefully remove the comb and the cellophane tape from the gel tray. Fill the electrophoresis tank containing the gel with 1X electrophoresis buffer. Add enough buffer to cover the gel with 1 mm liquid above the surface of the gel. If too much buffer is used the electric current will pass through the buffer instead of the gel. Gel Electrophoresis :. Add 1 volume of sample buffer to 5 volumes of DNA sample and mix.
Avoid the use of high voltages, which can cause trailing and smear of DNA particularly with high molecular weight DNA. Melting of agarose during electrophoresis indicates incorrect preparation of the gel or exhausted ions in the buffer during the run. Recycle the buffer using a pump for very long runs.
Analysis of Gels :. After electrophoresis stain the gel with ethidium bromide to visualize the DNA bands. This commonly used dye is intercalating and fluorescent in nature, and can be either used before or after electrophoresis.
The gel is soaked otherwise in electrophoresis buffer or water containing 0. The gel is rinsed with buffer or water before analyzing it to remove excess ethidium bromide. This increases florescence of ethidium bromide and DNA complexes.
UV light can damage the eyes and skin. Wear suitable eye and face protection when working with UV light. Formaldehyde agarose gels allow separation and identification of RNA based on charge migration. Formaldehyde in the gel disrupts the secondary structure so that RNA molecules can be separated by their charge migration.
Nucleic acid molecules in an electric field migrate towards anode due to their negatively charged phosphates along the backbone.
The migration of denatured molecules is determined by their size. An agarose concentration of 1. Preparation of Gel :. Mix appropriate amount of agarose in 10X formaldehyde agarose gel buffer. Heat the mixture in a microwave or boiling water bath, rotating the flask occasionally until agarose is dissolved.
Mix to prevent uneven cooling. On cooling add 1. Make sure that the solution has cooled sufficiently before adding formaldehyde. Pour the agarose onto the gel tray in a fume hood to a thickness of mm. Thicker gels can be used to load more samples. Thinner combs give sharper bands and thicker combs allow more samples loading. Carefully remove the comb from the gel. What type of products is generated after RAPD?
Long Interspersed. Large Interspersed. Long Interpierced. Large Interpierced. How much percentage of human genome is composed of transposons? What is class I type transposons? Transposons III. Transposons I. Transposons II. Answer: D. All the above. Gibberellic acid. Who first succeeded in promoting the development of callus tissue? Can Overbeek. Ethylene Answer: C. ACC synthase. ACC synthatase. Rhizobium species. Bacillus species. Clostridium species. Staphylococcus species.
What is the shape of root nodules? Which one of the following is considered to be the best nitrogen fixers for biofertilizers? Watson and Crick. Steward and Shantz.
Benthaman and Hook. Lederber and Tatum. Which bacteria are known as natural genetic engineer of plants? Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Bacillus sp. Streptomyces sp.
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