West nile virus maps world


















Isolation of West Nile virus from the brains of children who had died of encephalitis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Goldblum N. West nile fever: The clinical features op tue disease and the isolation of west nile virus from the blood of nine human cases.

The American Journal of Epidemiology. Marberg K. The natural history of west nile fever I. Clinical observations during an epidemic in Israel. Jupp P. The ecology of West Nile virus in South Africa and the occurrence of outbreaks in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Murgue B. West nile in the mediterranean basin: — Smithburn K. A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Spigland I. Clinical and laboratory observations in an outbreak of West Nile fever in Israel in Pruzanski W.

Encephalitis due to West Nile fever virus. World neurology. Carey D. Arthropod-borne viral infections in children in Vellore, South India, with particular reference to dengue and West Nile viruses.

Indian Pediatrics. Platonov A. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Tsai T. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in Southeastern Romania. The Lancet. Weinberger M. West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, epidemiologic aspects. Maillo B. Importation of West Nile virus infection from Nicaragua to Spain. Calisher C. Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera.

The flaviviruses group B arboviruses : a cross neutralization study. Castle E. Sequence analysis of the viral core protein and the membrane-associated proteins V1 and NV2 of the flavivirus west nile virus and of the genome sequence for these proteins. Primary structure of the West Nile flavivirus genome region coding for all nonstructural proteins. Coia G. Nucleotide and complete amino acid sequences of Kunjin virus: Definitive gene order and characteristics of the virus-specified proteins.

Speight G. Wengler G. Sequence analysis of the membrane protein V3 of the flavivirus West Nile virus and of its gene. Brinton M. Nowak T. Analyses of the terminal sequences of West Nile virus structural proteins and of the in vitro translation of these proteins allow the proposal of a complete scheme of the proteolytic cleavages involved in their synthesis.

Heinz F. Flaviviruses and their antigenic structure. Journal of Clinical Virology. Khromykh A. RNA binding properties of core protein of the flavivirus Kunjin. Archives of Virology. Markoff L. A conserved internal hydrophobic domain mediates the stable membrane integration of the dengue virus capsid protein.

Zhang Y. Structures of immature flavivirus particles. Guirakhoo F. Fusion activity of flaviviruses: comparison of mature and immature prM-containing tick-borne encephalitis virions. Structural changes and functional control of the tick-borne encephalitis virus glycoprotein E by the heterodimeric association with protein prM. Stadler K.

Proteolytic activation of tick-borne encephalitis virus by furin. Journal of Virology. Structure of immature West Nile virus. Junjhon J. Influence of pr-M cleavage on the heterogeneity of extracellular dengue virus particles. Kaufmann B. Molecular mechanisms involved in the early steps of flavivirus cell entry. Microbes and Infection. Smit J. Flavivirus cell entry and membrane fusion. Stiasny K. Flavivirus membrane fusion. Lindenbach B.

Mackenzie J. Immunolocalization of the dengue virus nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 suggests a role in viral RNA replication. Borowski P. Chambers T. Falgout B. Gorbalenya A. Two related superfamilies of putative helicases involved in replication, recombination, repair and expression of DNA and RNA genomes. Nucleic Acids Research. Shiryaev S. In vitro synthesis of West Nile virus proteins indicates that the amino-terminal segment of the NS3 protein contains the active centre of the protease which cleaves the viral polyprotein after multiple basic amino acids.

Koonin E. Ray D. Steffens S. The molecular biology of West Nile virus: a new invader of the Western hemisphere. Annual Review of Microbiology. Leung J. Role of nonstructural protein NS2A in flavivirus assembly.

Liu W. Youn S. Non-structural protein-1 is required for West Nile virus replication complex formation and viral RNA synthesis. Virology Journal. Avirutnan P. Antagonism of the complement component C4 by flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1. Journal of Experimental Medicine. Binding of flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1 to C4b binding protein modulates complement activation. Journal of Immunology. Chung K. West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS1 inhibits complement activation by binding the regulatory protein factor H.

Kyung M. Laurent-Rolle M. Wen J. Analysis of adaptive mutations in Kunjin virus replicon RNA reveals a novel role for the flavivirus nonstructural protein NS2A in inhibition of beta interferon promoter-driven transcription.

Melian E. West Nile virus NS2A protein facilitates virus-induced apoptosis independently of interferon response. Wilson J. West Nile virus nonstructural protein 1 inhibits TLR3 signal transduction. Bakonyi T. Novel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, Central Europe. Berthet F. Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein genes of Euro-African West Nile viruses.

Jia X. Genetic analysis of West Nile New York encephalitis virus. Lanciotti R. Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. May F. Scherret J. The relationships between West Nile and Kunjin viruses. Botha E. Genetic determinants of virulence in pathogenic lineage 2 West Nile virus strains.

Putative new lineage of West Nile virus, Spain. McLean R. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Petersen L. West Nile virus: a reemerging global pathogen. Zehender G. Phylogeography and epidemiological history of West Nile virus genotype 1a in Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. Burt F. Phylogenetic relationships of Southern African West Nile virus isolates.

Clinical and pathologic features of lineage 2 West Nile virus infections in birds of prey in Hungary. Myint K. Short report: west nile virus documented in Indonesia from acute febrile illness specimens. Ciccozzi M. Epidemiological history and phylogeography of West Nile virus lineage 2. Aliota M. Characterization of Rabensburg virus, a flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic group. Lvov D. West Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emerging-reemerging situations.

Archives of Virology, Supplement. Genotyping of West Nile fever virus strains circulating in southern Russia as an epidemiological investigation method: principles and results. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, i Immunobiologii. Chowdhury P. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Fall G. Vector competence of Culex neavei and Culex quinquefasciatus Diptera: Culicidae from Senegal for lineages 1, 2, Koutango and a putative new lineage of West Nile virus.

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. MacKenzie J. The zoonotic flaviviruses of Southern, South-Eastern and Eastern Asia, and Australasia: the potential for emergent viruses. Zoonoses and Public Health. Van Der Meulen K. West Nile virus in the vertebrate world.

Komar N. Kilpatrick A. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Experimental infection of eastern gray squirrels Sciurus carolinensis with West Nile virus. Platt K.

West Nile virus viremia in eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus sufficient for infecting different mosquitoes. Fox squirrels Sciurus niger develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Root J. West Nile virus associations in wild mammals: a synthesis.

Tiawsirisup S. Eastern cottontail rabbits Sylvilagus floridanus develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species. Rodhain F. Arboviruses and lemurs in Madagascar: experimental infection of Lemur fulvus with yellow fever and West Nile viruses. Kostiukov M. The lake frog Rana ridibunda —one of the food hosts of blood-sucking mosquitoes in Tadzhikistan—a reservoir of the West Nile fever virus.

Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni. Pealer L. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in The New England Journal of Medicine. Iwamoto M. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. Intrauterine West Nile virus infection—New York, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Hinckley A. Transmission of West Nile virus through human breast milk seems to be rare.

Wkly Rep. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fatal west nile virus infection after probable transfusion-associated transmission: Colorado. Transfusion-transmitted arboviruses. Vox Sanguinis. Montgomery S. Transfusion-associated transmission of West Nile virus, United States through Meny G. West Nile virus infection transmitted by granulocyte transfusion.

Turell M. Journal of Medical Entomology. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Potential vectors of West Nile virus in North America. Andreadis T. The contribution of culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of west nile virus in North America. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. Balenghien T. Laboratory studies on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex Culex univittatus Theobald; factors influencing the transmission rate.

Arboviruses causing human disease in the Australasian zoogeographic region. Abbassy M. Formosinho P. Experimental infection of Hyalomma marginatum ticks with West Nile virus.

Acta Virologica. Hutcheson H. Lawrie C. Ixodid and argasid tick species and west nile virus. Lwande O. Isolation of tick and mosquito-borne arboviruses from ticks sampled from livestock and wild animal hosts in Ijara District, Kenya.

Bode A. West Nile Virus disease: a descriptive study of patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in Clinical Infectious Diseases. Carson P. Danis K. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in Greece, Jean C. Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, Kopel E. Surveillance of west Nile virus disease, Tel Aviv district, Israel, to Lindsey N. West Nile virus disease in children, United States, — Surveillance for human west Nile virus disease-United States, — Medical risk factors for severe West Nile virus disease, United States, — Nash D.

Patnaik J. Follow-up of human West Nile virus infections, Denver, Colorado. Hayes E. West Nile virus infection: a pediatric perspective. Mostashari F. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Zou S. West Nile fever characteristics among viremic persons identified through blood donor screening. Journal of Infectious Diseases. Fratkin J. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.

Busch M. West nile virus infections projected from blood donor screening data, United States, Ladbury G. Population seroprevalence study after a West Nile virus lineage 2 epidemic, Greece, Asnis D. Brilla R. Clinical and neuroradiologic features of 39 consecutive cases of West Nile Virus meningoencephalitis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. Emig M. Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Klee A. Long-term prognosis for clinical West Nile virus infection. Murray K. Clinical investigation of hospitalized human cases of West Nile virus infection in Houston, Texas, — Sejvar J.

Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. The Journal of the American Medical Association. Weiss D.

Klein C. Neurological features of West Nile Virus infection during the outbreak in a regional hospital in Israel. Pepperell C. West Nile virus infection in morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to hospital in southcentral Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Sribu A. Loeb M. Prognosis after West Nile virus infection. Annals of Internal Medicine. Sadek J. Persistent neuropsychological impairment associated with West Nile virus infection.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. Cook R. Demographic and clinical factors associated with persistent symptoms after West Nile virus infection. Nolan M. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and progression of disease over time among patients enrolled in the Houston west Nile virus cohort.

Gray T. Case report: West nile virus Kunjin subtype disease in the Northern Territory of Australia—a case of encephalitis and review of all reported cases. McMullen A. Molecular evolution of lineage 2 West Nile virus. Venter M. Lineage 2 West Nile virus as cause of fatal neurologic disease in horses, South Africa. West Nile virus lineage 2 as a cause of zoonotic neurological disease in humans and horses in Southern Africa. Zaayman D. Neutralization-tests against neurotropic viruses with sera collected in central Africa.

Macnamara F. Print only version pdf icon [PDF — 2 pages]. Print only version pdf icon [PDF — 1 page]. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. West Nile virus. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Minus Related Pages. Mosquitoes that act as a vector carry the virus and pass it on when feeding on hosts like birds, livestock, other animals, and people.

The small circles on this map represent uninfected crows reported in Black dots indicate infected crows, while larger dots reflect a higher concentration of infected crows in one area. Researchers with INTREPID have been developing information products and databases derived from satellite data to show nationwide temperatures, distributions of vegetation, bird migration routes, and areas pinpointing reported cases.

The combined data help scientists predict disease outbreaks by showing when and where habitats are suitable for the insects to thrive and where the disease appears to be spreading.



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