D influenced by mind and emotions. The plague that killed thousands of people during the Middle Ages was an example of a n : A food-borne illness. B genetic disease. C bacterial disease. D virus. Rene Descartes influenced modern medicine with his view that: A the mind and body operate according to separate principles. B hygiene was an important component of good health. C the origins of all diseases are outside the individual. D all diseases originate within the body. Under the doctrine of mind-body dualism, health and disease came to be viewed: A in scientific, or biomedical, terms.
B in spiritual terms. C in terms of social and psychological factors. D as culturally specific states. The first complete anatomical study of the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal systems of the human body was published by: A Christian Huygens. B Claudius Galen. C Andreas Vesalius. D Giovanni Morgagni. According to which theory are the origins of specific diseases found in the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal system of the body? Some nineteenth-century scholars believed that living organisms could be formed from nonliving matter.
This idea is called: A asceticism. B spontaneous generation. C tridosha. D trephination. Because he doesn't feel sick, Enrique believes that he is healthy. A biopsychosocial B Cartesian C biomedical D biophysical A pathogen is: A a healing force. B the pattern of illness in a population. C a disease. D any agent such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease. The field of psychosomatic medicine emerged because the biomedical model was unable to explain: A gender differences in the prevalence of certain diseases.
B disorders that had no observable physical cause. C cultural differences in the incidence of specific diseases. D age-related issues in health and disease. The biomedical model embraces reductionism, which is the view that: A psychological, social, and behavioral variables play little role in illness.
B complex phenomena such as health derive from a single factor. C mind and body are separate and autonomous entities. D health is nothing more than the absence of disease. According to Sigmund Freud, loss of speech, deafness, and other conversion disorders were caused by: A unconscious emotional conflicts. B psychological viruses.
C erotic urges. D repressed feelings of hatred toward one's parents. The nuclear conflict model of psychosomatic medicine was developed by psychoanalyst: A Sigmund Freud.
C Neal Miller. D Franz Alexander. Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychosomatic medicine fell out of favor? A As Freudian concepts, such as the unconscious, fell out of favor, so too did psychosomatic medicine. B Alexander's nuclear conflict model relied too heavily on individual psychological problems. C Psychosomatic medicine was based on reductionism - the outmoded idea that a single flaw was sufficient to trigger disease.
D Being heavily influenced by the behaviorist movement, psychosomatic medicine became unpopular during the late s. Although Sigmund Freud's theories and psychosomatic medicine were flawed, they started the trend toward viewing illness and health as caused by: A host factors. B environmental factors. C psychological and behavioral factors. D the interaction of several factors. Historically, behavioral medicine grew out of: A the branch of medicine called psychosomatic medicine.
B psychophysiology and biology. C the branch of psychology called behaviorism. D psychoanalysis. Who was an early proponent of behavioral medicine who used operant conditioning techniques to teach animals to gain control over bodily functions?
Which of the following is NOT one of the original four goals of the new field of health psychology? During the twentieth century, life expectancy in the United States: A decreased.
B remained about the same. C decreased, then increased during the twenty-first century. D increased. A Health care costs have increased. B Life expectancy has increased. C Lifestyle disorders such as cancer, stroke, and heart disease have decreased. D The medical model has been broadened from a biomedical focus to a biological, psychological, and social focus. A person who attributes catching a cold to not getting enough sleep or experiencing too much stress after being exposed to a virus is implicitly accepting which model of health?
A biomedical B biopsychosocial C behavioral D cognitive-behavioral Health psychologists view health: A as the absence of disease. B from a biopsychosocial viewpoint. C from a biomedical perspective. D in various ways, depending on the individual's background. Rogers believes that our characteristic human behaviors exist as they do because they helped our distant ancestors survive.
Evidently, Dr. Rogers is a proponent of the: A evolutionary perspective. B biomedical model. C life-course perspective. D biopsychosocial model.
Genomics is the study of the: A evolutionary history of a species' health. B structure, function, and mapping of the genetic material of organisms.
C role of psychological factors in vulnerability to disease. D effects of environmental forces on how genes are expressed. B a person's age influences his or her health.
C environmental forces affect how genes are expressed. D exposure to an environmental toxin makes a person sick. DNA methylation is best described as the: A biochemical process that occurs in body cells and helps regulate the expression of genes. B cause of most chronic illnesses in children and young adults.
C cause of most chronic illnesses in older adults. D mechanism by which psychological traits such as introversion are inherited. Ortiz is investigating how a mother's habits will affect her child's lifelong development.
A sociocultural B life-course C biomedical D behavioral What is the leading cause of death in young people age ? A chronic lower respiratory disease B heart disease C cancer D unintentional injuries What is the leading cause of death among people age 45 and over? A cancer B heart disease C chronic conditions such as heart disease and cancer D external events such as homicide Subjective well-being refers to: A empathy. B self-perceived happiness. C the level of stress in a person's day-to-day life.
D the sense that one is better off than others. Women and men who feel connected to a network of caring friends are less likely to die of cancer than those who feel alienated from others. A biological B psychological C social D emotional A birth cohort is a group of people who: A were born with a few years of each other. B have a certain cultural identity. C have a certain ethnic identity.
D have a certain racial identity. Today, the leading cause of death in the United States is: A accidents. B infectious disease. C cancer. D heart disease. When psychologists use the term culture, they are referring to: A large groups of people who tend to have similar values.
B large groups of people who tend to have similar experiences. C the enduring behaviors, values, and customs that a group of people have developed over the years and transmitted from one generation to the next. D a group of people born within a few years of one another who experience similar historical and social conditions. Smyth is studying the relationship of socioeconomic status to health and disease. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the immigrant paradox?
A Low socioeconomic status does not predict poor health for Hispanics and other ethnic groups in the United States. B The children and grandchildren of immigrants to the United States typically surpass their elders in income and education. C The children and grandchildren of immigrants to the United States typically are healthier than their elders. D Latinos in the United States use health care less often.
Which is one reason that middle-aged women have higher rates of illness than men in the same age group? A Women have been underrepresented as participants in medical research trials. B There simply are more middle-aged women than men living. C Because women have less muscular strength than men, they tend to get sick more often. D Because women have weaker immune systems than men. According to the ecological-systems approach, health is a function of: A the body's biological systems.
B our social relationships. C our psychological makeup. D the interaction of the body's biological, social, and psychological domains. B negative emotionality. C self-defeating beliefs. D high self-esteem. Of course, some diseases take their toll, no matter what biological, psychological, or social defenses we offer.
Just 30 years ago, health and psychology were separate disciplines, each aware of the other but unable to connect in any meaningful way. Then, in , the field of health psychology was born, and it has grown explosively since then. From the earliest research linking Type A behavior to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, to the most current discoveries regarding psychosocial influences on the inflammatory processes involved in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other chronic diseases, health psychology already has accomplished much.
Increasingly, researchers are able to pinpoint the physiological mechanisms by which anger, loneliness, and other psychosocial factors adversely affect health, and by which optimism, social connectedness, and a strong sense of self-empowerment exert their beneficial effects.
My goals in this text have been to present current, relevant, well-supported summaries of the main ideas of the field, and to model a scientific way of thinking about those ideas in the process. Understanding human behavior and teaching students are my two professional passions, and nowhere have these passions come together more directly for me than in writing this text about how psychology and health are interconnected.
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